And just as there are multiple ways that humans can communicate within a loving relationship - so too are there many ways of prayer that can be seen within our relationship with God.
On to the categorizing:
Kataphatic Prayer.
This is a Greek word meaning ‘with form or images’ and it emphasizes the communication and relationship we can have with God through all of creation – including our own created bodies. We think our prayers to God using our brain, or speak or sing them with our mouths, or even communicate with our bodies through bowing, kneeling or dancing before the Lord. When the Word became flesh, and Jesus walked the hills of Judea with his disciples, the whole of creation was affirmed as the context through which we can grow in our relationship with the creator. In the Western Christian church it is the Kataphatic (sometimes spelt Cataphatic) forms of prayer which are the most common. Even so, there is an aspect to kataphatic prayer involving the use of our imagination that has been devalued by the Western church.
Here are the main types of Kataphatic prayer.
Praising Prayer
When we praise another person we are celebrating something we can see is good about them. We praise athletes who demonstrate exceptional ability in their sport. We praise artists who create great works of beauty. We praise people for their acts of kindness towards others, or their generosity in giving, etc. In each case we see something which is good in a person, and we acknowledge the good that we see. Some people find praise very difficult to do. For various reasons, they have been left with the inclination to see only the negative in others and themselves.
Praise is an essential element in our relationship with others, and God has made us all with the potential for being praiseworthy as well as for praising. This is because we are made in God’s likeness so that something of the goodness of God can be found in each of us. So praising prayer is prayer that focuses directly on the goodness of God. It acknowledges the truth about God. It is a truth that we can be blind to or even take for granted. But praising prayer challenges us not to lose sight of just how extraordinary God’s goodness is. It is not done as a way of encouraging God, or building him up. God does not have that kind of need! Rather, as we praise God, the potential is released for our own transformation into a greater likeness of God, as well as a more deep and loving relationship with him. Psalm 13:6 “I will sing the LORD’s praise, for he has been good to me.”
To confess is to discover and acknowledge the truth. Sometimes the truth is that we desire things and do things which are wrong. Some may feel that this is not a strong enough statement; that to confess reallymeans to repent, and repenting must be to feel a deep sense of guilt for things done wrong or for the good that we have failed to do. People feel things differently and so the emphasis of repentance needs to be on the acknowledgement of guilt rather than the feeling of guilt.
Confessing Prayer
To confess is to discover and acknowledge the truth. Sometimes the truth is that we desire things and do things which are wrong. Some may feel that this is not a strong enough statement; that to confess reallymeans to repent, and repenting must be to feel a deep sense of guilt for things done wrong or for the good that we have failed to do. People feel things differently and so the emphasis of repentance needs to be on the acknowledgement of guilt rather than the feeling of guilt.
Sometimes the truth is that we desire things and do things which are fully in alignment of God's will. And sometimes, the truth comes when we catch sight of God's grace, mercy and goodness in operation in our lives.
In confession, we draw out into the light the parts of our lives for examination - the wrong and the right, the surrendered and the proud. Sometimes, it can be helpful to share our confession with another person who we can trust (James 5:16).
Repentance-style confession does not come easily as our natural inclination is to hide the times and places where we have missed the mark. Being a disappointment - accidentally or on purpose - feels like personally annihilating a world. But we must not hide from ourselves or try to hide from God.
A young couple purchased an old, run-down, abandoned farm with plans to turn it into a thriving organic enterprise. The fields were grown over with weeds, the farmhouse was falling apart, and the fences were broken down.
The village vicar stopped by to bless the family’s work, saying, “May you and God work together to make this the farm of your dreams!”
A few months later, the preacher stops by again to call on the young farmers. He couldn’t believe his eyes. The farm house was completely rebuilt and in excellent condition, there were plenty of cattle and other livestock happily munching on feed in well-fenced pens, and the fields were full of crops planted in neat rows. “Amazing!” the preacher says. “Look what God and you have accomplished together!”
“Yes, Vicar,” said the farmer’s wife, “and just remember what the farm was like when God was working it alone!”
Thanking Prayer
A young couple purchased an old, run-down, abandoned farm with plans to turn it into a thriving organic enterprise. The fields were grown over with weeds, the farmhouse was falling apart, and the fences were broken down.
The village vicar stopped by to bless the family’s work, saying, “May you and God work together to make this the farm of your dreams!”
A few months later, the preacher stops by again to call on the young farmers. He couldn’t believe his eyes. The farm house was completely rebuilt and in excellent condition, there were plenty of cattle and other livestock happily munching on feed in well-fenced pens, and the fields were full of crops planted in neat rows. “Amazing!” the preacher says. “Look what God and you have accomplished together!”
“Yes, Vicar,” said the farmer’s wife, “and just remember what the farm was like when God was working it alone!”
Being thankful is a state of mind. It takes a starting point that nothing I have is mine as a right, but everything has been given to me as a gift. Living in a society which is so individualistic, and has a strong work ethic, it could be easy to see our achievements or possessions as acquired through our own efforts; that we do not need to thank anyone else for what we have.
This sort of thinking taps into a deep desire within us for independence, to stand on our own two feet and determine the course of our own lives. But that is not the kingdom which God has made for us. Maturity is not about being able to live alone well, but to live well with others, and ultimately to live well with God who has provided all the good things we have. It is a part of ‘living well’ with others that there must be thankfulness, firstly to God and then to those people around us. Psalm 107 is a song of thanksgiving that recalls all the different ways God had acted to look after the people of Israel, and repeats the line, “Let them give thanks to the LORD for his unfailing love and his wonderful deeds for humankind.”
Good parents will teach their child to say ‘thank you’. Left on their own they might well forget to do so. The Bible plays that same parental role with us as it repeats the message of our need to thank God, as it does in Philippians 4:6 “Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God.”
Asking Prayer
A man was walking along the beach, enjoying an afternoon vacation stroll, when he heard someone screaming. Looking around he saw an obviously distraught woman kneeling next to a little girl. The man quickly determined the child had swallowed something that was blocking her airway and held her up by her heels and gave a few quick thumps to her back. Sure enough, the child started to sputter and cough and spit a coin onto the sand.“Oh, thank you sir!” cried the grateful mother. You seemed to know exactly what to do. Are you a doctor?”
“No, ma’am,” the man replied. “I’m retired. But I am the chair of the stewardship committee for my church.”
Of course, the most important request we can make is for a relationship with God. Jesus assures us that this request will always be answered with a ‘yes’, “Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives; those who seek find; and to those who knock, the door will be opened” (Matthew 7 : 7-8 see also Luke 11 : 13). Even the robber dying on the cross beside Jesus found this request answered (Luke 23:39-43). But this is not the only thing we can ask God for. God is interested in even the smallest details of our lives, which means that all our desires or needs are important to him and can be asked for. These kinds of requests will not always be answered with a ‘yes’. Our human limits and lack of full understanding of a situation can lead us to ask for things which God knows would not be good for us (see James 4:1-3). But even so, God invites us: Isa 43:25- “I, I am the one who wipes away all your sins. I do this to please myself. I will not remember your sins. 26 But you should remember me. Let’s meet together and decide what is right. And gradually, through the transforming work of the Holy Spirit, we can grow in maturity and insight to the will of God which will affect both the kind of requests we make and how God responds to them (see John 15:7, James 5:16, 1 Peter 3:12).
Meditating Prayer
The word meditation is a problematic word because it means different things to different people. In this description of meditative prayer, I mean the use of our imagination in prayer. Some people will find that using their imagination comes more easily than for others. Some people will also find different surroundings help meditative prayer to happen, whilst others hinder it. In my own experience, sitting still in a quiet room can be very helpful. So here are two ways of doing meditative prayer:
Take a gospel story and use your imagination to place yourself in the story. You might be an onlooker, or even one of the characters in the story. For example, you might imagine yourself as Joseph in the stories about Jesus’ birth, or as one of Jesus’ disciples on the fishing boat when the storm blows up on lake Galilee, or as a person in the crowd when the blind man has his sight restored by Jesus outside Jericho. Allow God to bring the story alive for you and he will show you so much more than you will have seen through a regular bible study. At the end of the session you can imagine yourself talking with Jesus about what you have seen, and how you have responded to the story. This form of meditation is commonly known as Ignatian.
Another way of doing meditative prayer is by going on an imaginative journey with Jesus. On this journey you could walk with Jesus, drive, or even fly to places and people that you are concerned about; talking to him about the many issues that may come to your mind. For example, you might be concerned about a friend who is ill in hospital. You could imagine yourself walking with Jesus into the hospital and visiting your friend together, talking about your friend with him. Another example would be to fly with Jesus to a refugee camp in another part of the world and walk around the camp with Jesus discussing the needs of the people there. As you go on these journeys with Jesus try to be open to him speaking back to you and sharing his own heart with you. Also, let your journey be open-ended and see where the Holy Spirit takes you. This form of meditation can help develop a sense of companionship with Jesus as you travel together, as well as a growing sensitivity to the heart and will of God.
Using our imagination with the guidance of the Holy Spirit also makes our own spirits more receptive of visions and dreams given by God.
Meditation is only mentioned directly in the Old Testament, and mostly in the Psalms. We are told that Isaac would go out into the fields to meditate (Genesis 24:63) but no explanation is given as to what he was doing.
Our ability to imagine is a gift from God, and creative imagination reflects His image - so there is no good reason why it should not be another way through which we can communicate with him. Other references are made in the Psalms about meditating on scripture and this may have been more of an exercise in reflection on the text than a use of the imagination. God does speak to us through scripture as we approach it prayerfully. However, this practice is not meditation as defined here. Instead, it comes more under my first definition of contemplating prayer (see below) as it involves ‘being present’ to the scriptures as we read them.
Contemplating Prayer 1
There are two versions of prayer in the Christian tradition which are commonly called contemplative. This first version is about being ‘present to God in any particular moment’. Others might use the term ‘mindfulness’. Jesuits talk about being a ‘contemplative in action’. It begins with us being present to God in our Bible study and prayer time, and gradually overflows into more and more of our everyday lives. It is a way of becoming fully attentive to God in the world around us (hence this comes under the heading of Kataphatic prayer) which begins in our regular times of prayer as we quieten our thoughts and still our bodies – a practice which is also known as Centering prayer.
It is a discipline which enables us to see what we otherwise might miss – God’s communication with us through Scripture, through his creation, through the lives of others, etc. It is a way of living our life intentionally and thoughtfully. To put it simply, a contemplative will notice beauty in small things, see something of God in them and praise Him for them. Whereas a non-contemplative will be so full of thoughts and actions that they will pass such objects of beauty without even noticing them, let alone connecting with God through them. “To contemplate means, first of all, to be present to where one is – to be here and now” (Bishop Kallistos of Diokleia). This is prayer because these disciplines of prayerful silence and stillness bring about a greater consciousness of God’s presence and speaking into our lives. It is a form of prayer which is much more about listening than speaking, and it enables us to discern what God is wanting to show us, whilst opening our hearts to the transforming work of the Holy Spirit. An example from the scriptures where this type of prayer happened is in Luke 2:19 which says that “Mary treasured up all these things and pondered them in her heart.” She was attentive to the things she saw and heard. She ‘treasured’ these things as being from God, and allowed God to reveal himself to her through them. This form of contemplative prayer can lead naturally on to the second form which would come under the category of Apophatic prayer.
Apophatic Prayer
This comes from the Greek word meaning ‘without form or images’, and focuses on the fact that God is both separate and different to his creation. Whereas in Kataphatic prayer God, through Jesus, enters creation as a human being and welcomes us into relationship with him as one human being to another, in Apophatic prayer we are trying to connect with the God who is not human; who is outside of creation and therefore beyond our understanding; the God who is mystery; the God who is pure love. So, whereas in Kataphatic prayer we mostly communicate with God through words, in Apophatic prayer we put words to one side and attempt to communicate in silence or with a language beyond human speech with the God of love through love. It is in the Eastern Orthodox Christian church that Apophatic prayer is more common, and is described here as the second form of contemplative prayer.
The second form of contemplative prayer is also known as the ‘prayer of the heart’. It is a prayer of love in which no words are necessary. It would be similar to a parent lovingly watching their child play, or two lovers gazing in silence at each other. Contemplation involves doing exactly this, looking and loving.
Possible places in scripture might be Matthew 9:36, “When he saw the crowds, he had compassion on them”, Mark 10:21, “Jesus looked at him and loved him.” which have both these two elements. Then there were the women who saw and loved Jesus as he died on the cross, “Many women were there, watching from a distance. They had followed Jesus from Galilee to care for his needs” Matthew 27:55.
It is a prayer of words in that it comes from the mouth, and the words may be of another earthly language as found in Acts 2:1-11. Or it may be of a heavenly language that no one may interpret without the help of the Holy Spirit. Paul writes about both human and angelic tongues (1 Corinthians 13:1) and writes that both tongues and the interpretation of tongues are a gift from God (1 Corinthians 12:4-11). Paul clearly saw the use of praying in tongues as important. He tells the Corinthians “I thank God that I speak in tongues more than all of you.” (1 Corinthians 14 : 18), and it does seem at times that a special grace of God is given when people pray in tongues.
Contemplating Prayer 2
The second form of contemplative prayer is also known as the ‘prayer of the heart’. It is a prayer of love in which no words are necessary. It would be similar to a parent lovingly watching their child play, or two lovers gazing in silence at each other. Contemplation involves doing exactly this, looking and loving.
Possible places in scripture might be Matthew 9:36, “When he saw the crowds, he had compassion on them”, Mark 10:21, “Jesus looked at him and loved him.” which have both these two elements. Then there were the women who saw and loved Jesus as he died on the cross, “Many women were there, watching from a distance. They had followed Jesus from Galilee to care for his needs” Matthew 27:55.
In the spiritual classic The Cloud of Unknowing we read “Love means loving God for himself alone, above all else, and loving others as oneself. In contemplation God is loved in this way: nothing else is sought. There is a naked intent, a single-mindedness of spirit, directed towards God alone.” This form of prayer has as its goal an entering into an experience of God (sometimes called ‘union with God’), and the transformation of our capacity to love God (and therefore other human beings as well) which comes through that experience. John of the Cross describes the experience as being “when an effect of the spirit overflows in the senses.” Blaise Pascal wrote of his experience as “Joy, joy, joy, tears of joy.” It is the heart’s response towards God of those who have truly discovered that they are beloved of God.
Mysterious Prayer
I struggled to think of a name for these types of prayers. I could have called them Charismatic prayer, but all forms of prayer involve the Holy Spirit and could not happen without him. I could have called them Grace prayer, because they are a gift from God, but again, without God’s grace no prayer would be possible. So I ended up calling them Mysterious prayer because they are types of prayer for which there is a strong element of mystery. Probably the biggest mystery is why God chooses to gift these types of prayer to some people and not to others. But the other mysterious characteristic is in the way they seem to form a special momentary connection between creator and created. Difficult to understand. Difficult to explain. Hence mysterious!Praying in Tongues
It is a prayer of words in that it comes from the mouth, and the words may be of another earthly language as found in Acts 2:1-11. Or it may be of a heavenly language that no one may interpret without the help of the Holy Spirit. Paul writes about both human and angelic tongues (1 Corinthians 13:1) and writes that both tongues and the interpretation of tongues are a gift from God (1 Corinthians 12:4-11). Paul clearly saw the use of praying in tongues as important. He tells the Corinthians “I thank God that I speak in tongues more than all of you.” (1 Corinthians 14 : 18), and it does seem at times that a special grace of God is given when people pray in tongues.
Special Revelation
There is no such thing as a first class, second class, or even third class Christian, we are all one in Christ. Yet a life steeped in prayer and the pursuit of God is transforming, and that transformation opens us up to the possibility of a deeper form of connecting prayer with God.
In Numbers 12:6-8 God tells Miriam and Aaron, “When there are prophets of the LORD among you, I reveal myself to them in visions, I speak to them in dreams. But this is not true of my servant Moses; he is faithful in all my house. With him I speak face to face, clearly and not in riddles; he sees the form of the LORD.” Moses’ faithfulness, but also his humility (see verse 3) meant that God was able to reveal himself to Moses in a way that he did not with others.
There are a range of ways in which God gives special revelation. Some people in the Bible received revelation through dreams that left them feeling troubled. Other forms of special revelation were more dramatic. In Isaiah 6, the prophet has a vision of God which overwhelms him and he exclaims “Woe to me! I cried. I am ruined!” Daniel (a man held in high esteem by God, see Daniel 9:23) was another one who had extraordinary experiences of God, and there were many more. Such experiences are a special gift from God and they did not only occur in the Old Testament. Paul refers to such an experience of prayer in 2 Corinthians 12:1-4. Throughout the centuries since Paul wrote of this experience there have been many others who have had similar encounters with God. As it is written in Joel 2:28 “And afterward, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophecy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions. ”
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